Sustainable Halal Tourism in the Digital Age: Lessons from Lombok’s Green Economy Initiatives

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the interrelationship between green economy prctices, digital transformation, and halal values in advancing sustainable halal tourism in Lombok, Indonesia. It seeks to address the existing research gap where previous studies have mainly focused on digital promotion and halal certification, with limited attention to environmental sustainability and community empowerment. A mixed-methods approach was employed using a sequential explanatory design. Quantitative data were collected through surveys of 200 respondents—including halal tourism entrepreneurs and Muslim tourists—and analyzed using Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders and analyzed thematically to complement and validate quantitative findings.
Findings indicate that green economy practices have the strongest influence on sustainable halal tourism performance, followed by digital transformation and halal value adherence. Qualitative insights reveal that halal and green initiatives in Lombok have evolved in parallel, but their integration remains partial. However, digitalization serves as a critical enabler linking environmental responsibility with halal compliance, enhancing competitiveness and community engagement. This study introduces the Halal–Green–Digital (HGD) Model, a new conceptual framework integrating ethical, environmental, and technological dimensions into a unified construct. The HGD Model contributes theoretically to Islamic tourism studies and practically to policy formulation for sustainable, inclusive, and technology-driven halal destinations.